B. White Diplomacy

White in his chapter provides a clear , more detailed views on diplomacy and how it has developed over the years. He describes 'diplomacy' as a process of communication that takes place between two states. White describes the historical development of diplomacy referring back to 2500 BC when the earliest diplomatic documents were discovered. There several issues concentrating on the differences between Old and New Diplomacy. However , the main change was that the Traditional diplomatic negotiations and agreements were undertaken in secrecy, whereas the New diplomacy allows citizens to know what is happening in the world. It's more open to the public.
White analysis traditional diplomacy on three categories : structure , process and agenda. The main changes were the diplomatic agents acting on behalf of the states were institutionalized , meant that embassies were established and it became much more convenient. Another point is that, traditional diplomacy was largely organized on a bilateral basis, usually when two states developed a relationship , it became normal to exchange permanent embassies. Finally , the fact that diplomacy was an instrument which is used to reflect the preoccupation of political leaders themselves.
The new diplomacy is more open to public , however , the structure remained the same , except the emergence of new actors were becoming complex. During the Cold war, diplomacy took a new form which required close control of diplomatic relations in order to prevent nuclear conflict. The success of an end of Cold War gave hopes to many people that there is always a solution even to a war, but unfortunately this was short lived with the terrorist attack known as 9/11. White believes its very difficult to negotiate and communicate with a group like Al Qaeda because its not a state or even non state actor, but rather an transnational network.
Finally , diplomacy has played a vital role and continues to make an important contribution to cooperation and order in world system.